Augmented Reality Teaching Materials as an Effort to Improve Elementary School Students' Understanding of Mathematical Concepts
Keywords:
augmented reality, teaching materials, geometry, conceptual understanding, elementary school mathematics
Abstract
This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Augmented Reality (AR) based teaching materials in improving the understanding of geometry concepts of fourth-grade students at SDN Cicurug II. The material discussed includes the identification, description, and classification of plane and spatial shapes according to the Merdeka Curriculum framework. A quantitative approach was used with a pre-experimental design of the One Group Pretest-Posttest model, involving 22 students as research subjects selected through a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through written tests (pretest and posttest), student response questionnaires, and observation sheets of learning implementation. The instruments were validated by experts and empirically tested before use. Data analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Paired Sample t-Test, and N-Gain calculation. The results showed a significant increase in conceptual understanding, with the average score increasing from 48.86 (pretest) to 79.32 (posttest). The Paired Sample t-Test yielded a t-value of 18.42 with p < 0.001, proving a highly statistically significant difference. The average N-Gain value of 0.605 is in the moderate category, with 13.6% of students achieving the high N-Gain category. Student response data showed an average of 90.3% (Very Good category) for AR-based teaching materials. These findings confirm that the developed AR teaching materials are valid, practical, and effective for geometry learning in elementary schools. This study contributes to providing empirical evidence supporting the integration of AR technology in elementary school mathematics learning, especially in schools with limited technological infrastructure.
References
Amelia, R., Fitria, Y., & Zikri, A. (2021). The effect of using augmented reality media on elementary school students’ mathematics learning outcomes. Basicedu Journal, 5(4), 2458–2464. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i4.1287
Azuma, R., Billinghurst, M., & Klinker, G. (2021). Special Section on Mobile Augmented Reality. Computers & Graphics, 35(4), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2011.05.002
Buchori, A., & Rahmawati, I. (2022). Development of Android-based augmented reality media for learning geometric shapes in elementary schools. Journal of Mathematics Education, 16(3), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.16.3.16341.267-282
Cahyani, A. D., & Muhardjito, M. (2023). The effectiveness of augmented reality media in geometry learning to improve conceptual understanding of fourth-grade elementary school students. Journal of Elementary Education, 14(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPD.141.05
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Fitra, A., Helsa, Y., Ahmad, S., & Prahmana, R. C. I. (2022). Augmented reality in mathematics learning: A systematic literature review. Journal on Mathematics Education, 13(3), 431–456. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.v13i3.pp431-456
Hake, R. R. (1998). Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.18809
Hanafi, H. F., Said, C. S., Wahab, M. H., & Samsuddin, K. (2022). Improving students’ motivation in learning ICT through the use of a mobile augmented reality learning environment. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/226/1/012059
Hidayatullah, S., & Rachmadyanti, P. (2022). Development of augmented reality media for spatial geometry materials to increase elementary school students’ learning motivation. Scientific Journal of Elementary Education, 9(2), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.30659/pendas.9.2.122-138
Hutauruk, A. J. B., & Sidabutar, R. (2022). Improving learning outcomes of students with learning difficulties using augmented reality-based interactive learning media. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 29(13), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2193/1/012106
Juhanda, A., & Nurhayati, N. (2023). Analysis of the validity and reliability of authentic assessment-based assessment instruments in science learning in elementary schools. Indonesian Journal of Science Education, 11(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v11i2.28741
Kemendikbudristek. (2022). Learning and assessment guide for the independent curriculum for elementary and secondary education levels. Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
Kemendikbudristek. (2023). Indonesia’s 2023 Education Report Card: Reflections on National Assessment. Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
Lestari, W., Raharjo, H., & Sulistyowati, F. (2022). The effect of interactive digital teaching materials on the understanding of geometry concepts and learning motivation of fourth-grade elementary school students. Jurnal Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(2), 1987–2001. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v6i2.1523
Mustaqim, I. (2021). Development of augmented reality-based learning media. Journal of Electrical Education, 1(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.21831/jee.v1i1.13267
Nugroho, A., & Prasetyo, Z. K. (2023). Challenges of implementing digital technology in mathematics learning in elementary schools in 3T areas. Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.17.1.19734.67-82
Pramudita, K., & Ardiansyah, A. S. (2025). Integration of augmented reality in the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in elementary school mathematics learning. Indonesian Journal of Elementary Education, 10(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.29407/jpdn.v10i1.20891
Prasetyo, B., & Wahyuni, S. (2024). Analysis of geometry learning difficulties of fourth-grade elementary school students based on the Independent Curriculum. Journal of Education: Theory, Research, and Development, 9(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v9i1.20211
Radiusman, R., & Novitasari, N. (2023). The effectiveness of augmented reality media in improving elementary school students’ motivation and learning outcomes on plane geometry material. Elementary School Scientific Journal, 7(3), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v7i3.59812
Rahmadi, I. F., & Nur, L. (2024). Development and validation of an assessment instrument for understanding geometric concepts for elementary school students. Journal of Mathematics Education, 18(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.18.1.21052.89-104
Rahmawati, D., & Setiawan, A. (2022). Identification of elementary school students’ geometry learning difficulties and alternative solutions. Jurnal Elemen, 8(1), 280–296. https://doi.org/10.29408/jel.v8i1.4316
Septian, A., Inayah, S., & Suwarman, R. F. (2024). Augmented reality in geometry learning in elementary schools: A systematic review of research 2020–2023. Journal of Mathematics Education, 18(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.18.2.22315.201-218
Sugiyono. (2023). Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&D Research Methods (2nd ed.). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sundayana, R. (2021). Statistics of educational research (2nd ed.). Bandung: Alfabeta. https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v10i1.786
Syahputra, E., Fauzi, K. M. A., & Lubis, M. S. (2023). The effect of augmented reality-based learning media on elementary school students’ understanding of geometric concepts. International Journal of Instruction, 16(2), 559–576. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16231a
Wahyuni, R., Juandi, D., & Jupri, A. (2023). Augmented reality for learning geometry in elementary school: A meta-analysis. Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.17.2.19891.143-160
Widodo, S. A., Darhim, D., & Ikhwanudin, T. (2023). Improving mathematical reasoning abilities of elementary students through augmented reality-based learning. Infinity Journal, 12(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v12i1.p79-94
Yuliana, I., Gunawan, G., & Harjono, A. (2023). Augmented reality learning media for geometry: Effect on learning outcomes and student engagement at elementary level. Journal of Science Education Research, 9(4), 1789–1798. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i4.3451
Azuma, R., Billinghurst, M., & Klinker, G. (2021). Special Section on Mobile Augmented Reality. Computers & Graphics, 35(4), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2011.05.002
Buchori, A., & Rahmawati, I. (2022). Development of Android-based augmented reality media for learning geometric shapes in elementary schools. Journal of Mathematics Education, 16(3), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.16.3.16341.267-282
Cahyani, A. D., & Muhardjito, M. (2023). The effectiveness of augmented reality media in geometry learning to improve conceptual understanding of fourth-grade elementary school students. Journal of Elementary Education, 14(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPD.141.05
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Fitra, A., Helsa, Y., Ahmad, S., & Prahmana, R. C. I. (2022). Augmented reality in mathematics learning: A systematic literature review. Journal on Mathematics Education, 13(3), 431–456. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.v13i3.pp431-456
Hake, R. R. (1998). Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.18809
Hanafi, H. F., Said, C. S., Wahab, M. H., & Samsuddin, K. (2022). Improving students’ motivation in learning ICT through the use of a mobile augmented reality learning environment. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/226/1/012059
Hidayatullah, S., & Rachmadyanti, P. (2022). Development of augmented reality media for spatial geometry materials to increase elementary school students’ learning motivation. Scientific Journal of Elementary Education, 9(2), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.30659/pendas.9.2.122-138
Hutauruk, A. J. B., & Sidabutar, R. (2022). Improving learning outcomes of students with learning difficulties using augmented reality-based interactive learning media. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 29(13), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2193/1/012106
Juhanda, A., & Nurhayati, N. (2023). Analysis of the validity and reliability of authentic assessment-based assessment instruments in science learning in elementary schools. Indonesian Journal of Science Education, 11(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v11i2.28741
Kemendikbudristek. (2022). Learning and assessment guide for the independent curriculum for elementary and secondary education levels. Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
Kemendikbudristek. (2023). Indonesia’s 2023 Education Report Card: Reflections on National Assessment. Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
Lestari, W., Raharjo, H., & Sulistyowati, F. (2022). The effect of interactive digital teaching materials on the understanding of geometry concepts and learning motivation of fourth-grade elementary school students. Jurnal Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(2), 1987–2001. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v6i2.1523
Mustaqim, I. (2021). Development of augmented reality-based learning media. Journal of Electrical Education, 1(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.21831/jee.v1i1.13267
Nugroho, A., & Prasetyo, Z. K. (2023). Challenges of implementing digital technology in mathematics learning in elementary schools in 3T areas. Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.17.1.19734.67-82
Pramudita, K., & Ardiansyah, A. S. (2025). Integration of augmented reality in the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in elementary school mathematics learning. Indonesian Journal of Elementary Education, 10(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.29407/jpdn.v10i1.20891
Prasetyo, B., & Wahyuni, S. (2024). Analysis of geometry learning difficulties of fourth-grade elementary school students based on the Independent Curriculum. Journal of Education: Theory, Research, and Development, 9(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v9i1.20211
Radiusman, R., & Novitasari, N. (2023). The effectiveness of augmented reality media in improving elementary school students’ motivation and learning outcomes on plane geometry material. Elementary School Scientific Journal, 7(3), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v7i3.59812
Rahmadi, I. F., & Nur, L. (2024). Development and validation of an assessment instrument for understanding geometric concepts for elementary school students. Journal of Mathematics Education, 18(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.18.1.21052.89-104
Rahmawati, D., & Setiawan, A. (2022). Identification of elementary school students’ geometry learning difficulties and alternative solutions. Jurnal Elemen, 8(1), 280–296. https://doi.org/10.29408/jel.v8i1.4316
Septian, A., Inayah, S., & Suwarman, R. F. (2024). Augmented reality in geometry learning in elementary schools: A systematic review of research 2020–2023. Journal of Mathematics Education, 18(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.18.2.22315.201-218
Sugiyono. (2023). Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&D Research Methods (2nd ed.). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sundayana, R. (2021). Statistics of educational research (2nd ed.). Bandung: Alfabeta. https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v10i1.786
Syahputra, E., Fauzi, K. M. A., & Lubis, M. S. (2023). The effect of augmented reality-based learning media on elementary school students’ understanding of geometric concepts. International Journal of Instruction, 16(2), 559–576. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16231a
Wahyuni, R., Juandi, D., & Jupri, A. (2023). Augmented reality for learning geometry in elementary school: A meta-analysis. Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.17.2.19891.143-160
Widodo, S. A., Darhim, D., & Ikhwanudin, T. (2023). Improving mathematical reasoning abilities of elementary students through augmented reality-based learning. Infinity Journal, 12(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v12i1.p79-94
Yuliana, I., Gunawan, G., & Harjono, A. (2023). Augmented reality learning media for geometry: Effect on learning outcomes and student engagement at elementary level. Journal of Science Education Research, 9(4), 1789–1798. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i4.3451
Published
2026-09-25
How to Cite
Rohimah, A. S., Soeherlan S, L., & Yonanda, D. A. (2026). Augmented Reality Teaching Materials as an Effort to Improve Elementary School Students’ Understanding of Mathematical Concepts. International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science , 5(04), 1893-1912. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijevss.v5i04.4245
Contact Person +6282139474255
Email : ijevss@citakonsultindo.or.id / editor.ijevss@gmail.com
