Physicochemical Properties and Optimization of Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajan) Yogurt: Influence of Starter Culture and Incubation Techniques

  • Nur Faidah Munir State Agriculture Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, Pangkep, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9990-6516
  • Indah Harianti Agroindustry Study Program in Department of Agriculture Technology, State Agriculture Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, 90655. South Sulawesi, Indonesia
  • Zulfitriany Dwiyanti Mustaka Agroindustry Study Program in Department of Agriculture Technology, State Agriculture Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, 90655. South Sulawesi, Indonesia
  • Rahmaniar Agroindustry Study Program in Department of Agriculture Technology, State Agriculture Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, 90655. South Sulawesi, Indonesia
  • Mariani Agroindustry Study Program in Department of Agriculture Technology, State Agriculture Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, 90655. South Sulawesi, Indonesia
  • Agussalim Matti Agroindustry Study Program in Department of Agriculture Technology, State Agriculture Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, 90655. South Sulawesi, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Kadir Department of Agricultural Production Technology, Agricultural State Polytechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan, Pangkep, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5904-7709
Keywords: Yogurt, Pigeon pea, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Incubation method, Fermentation

Abstract

Pigeon peas(Cajanus cajan (L.)) are a type of legume with potential for development as a sustainable alternative source of plant-based protein. These beans have a relatively high protein content, approximately 27–28%. This study aims to analyze the effects of variations in lactic acid bacteria cultures and incubation methods on the production of yogurt made from local Pigeon peas beans. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to test variations in Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) cultures (comprising Greek yogurt culture and powdered culture) combined with three different incubation methods: incubation at room temperature, in a thermos, and in a modified incubator. Data were analyzed using a two-way Anova. The results showed that variations in LAB cultures had a significant effect on protein content, moisture content, fat content, viscosity, and pH. Meanwhile, the incubation method had a significant effect on protein content, moisture content, ash content, total lactic acid, fat content, viscosity, and pH. The best Pigeon peas bean yogurt was obtained from the powdered culture treatment using the incubation method with a modified incubator, yielding a protein content of 3.47%; ash content of 0.69%; total lactic acid of 0.66%; fat content of 1%; viscosity of 0.47 cP; pH of 3.82; and moisture content of 83.19%. The results of the organoleptic test showed that the criteria for color, aroma, and taste were met, while on average, the panelists strongly liked the texture of the yogurt.

References

Adrianto R., Damar W., Masmulki, D. J., dan Arifia, Z. A. 2020. Total Bakteri Asam Laktat, Total Asam, Nilai Ph, Sineresis, Total Padatan Terlarut Dan Sifat Organoleptik Yoghurt Metode Back Slooping. Jurnal Agritechno. 13(2): 1979-7362.
Allgeyer, L., Miller, M. and Lee, S.-Y. 2010. Sensory and microbiological quality of yogurt drinks with prebiotics and probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science, 93 (10): 44714479
Arukwe, D., Abasiekong, S., Onuoha, V., Iche, F., Ukom, A. Physicochemical properties, amino acid profiles, microbial and sensory qualities of plant-based Yogurt drink from blends of pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan) and soy-bean (Glycine Max) milk. Discov Food 6, 180 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-026-00924-x
Arzakiyah, F., Wanniatie, V., Husni, A., dan Qisthon, A. (2024). Total Asam, Keasaman, Dan Viskositas Yoghurt Susu Sapi dengan Menggunakan Kombinasi Starter Yang Berbeda. Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan. Journal of Research and Innovation of Animals. 8(1): 150-156.
Astuty, E., Yunita, M., dan Fadhilah, A. N. 2021. Edukasi Manfaat Yogurrt Sebagai Salah Satu Probiotik Dan Metode Pembuatan Yoghurt Sederhana. Jurnal Kreativitas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM). 4(1): 129-136.
Bakhtra, D. D. A., Rusdi, R., dan Mardiah, A. 2017. Penetapan kadar protein dalam telur unggas melalui analisis nitrogen menggunakan metode kjeldahl. Jurnal Farmasi Higea. 8(2): 143-150.
Bayu, M. K., Rizqiati, H., & Nurwantoro, N. 2017. Analisis total padatan terlarut, keasaman, kadar lemak, dan tingkat viskositas pada kefir optima dengan lama fermentasi yang berbeda. Jurnal Teknologi Pangan. 1(2): 45-75.
Evadewi, F. D. 2021. Viskositas, keasaman, warna, dan sifat organoleptik yoghurt susu kambing yang diperkaya dengan ekstrak beras hitam. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi. 21(2): 837-841.
Fikriyah, Y. U., dan Nasution, R. S. 2021. Analisis kadar air dan kadar abu pada teh hitam yang dijual di pasaran dengan menggunakan metode gravimetri. Jurnal Amina. 3(2): 50-54.
Gusnandi, D., Riza, T., Edwin, B. 2021. Uji Organoleptik Dan Daya Terima Pada Produk Mousse Berbasis Tapai Singkong Sebagai Komoditi UMKM di Kabuopaten Bandung. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian. 1(12): 2883-2888.
Hariyadi, H., Kamil, M., dan Ananda, P. 2020. Sistem pengecekan pH air otomatis menggunakan sensor pH probe berbasis arduino pada sumur bor. Jurnal Teknik. 3(2): 340-346.
Jamalullail, N. A., Chan, Y. L., Tang, T. K., Tang, C. P., & Lai, O. M. (2023). Nutritional, physicochemical stability, microbial survivability and sensorial evaluation of legume yogurts. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences, 12(4), e5141-e5141.
Junita, N. N. R., Dzahab, A. Q., dan Izzaty, Y. N. 2023. Pengaruh waktu fermentasi terhadap kadar lemak, abu, protein, air, dan tingkat keasaman yoghurt susu sapi. Jurnal Sain dan Teknik. 5(2): 93-101.
Jonathan, H. A., Fitriawati, I. N., Arief, I. I., Soenarno, M. S., dan Mulyono, R. H. 2022. Fisikokimia, mikrobiologi dan organoleptik Yoghurt probiotik dengan penambahan buah merah (Pandanus conodeous L.). Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan. 10(1): 34-41.
Kaskens, J., & Manickavasagan, A. (2022). Pulse-based yogurt: Physicochemical, microbial and sensory characteristics. In Plant Protein Foods (pp. 223-249). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Nugroho, M. R. 2023. Sifat fisik dan total bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yoghurt dengan bahan baku susu sapi yang berbeda. Jurnal Pertanian. 7(3): 82-95.
Olagunju, A., Omoba, O., Enujiugha, V., Alashi, A., & Aluko, R. (2020). Technological properties of acetylated pigeon pea starch and its stabilized set-type Yogurt. Foods, 9(7), 957.
Pahariya, P. (2018). Effects of yogurt fortification with different legumes protein on the physio-Chemical, microbiological, and rheological properties. South Dakota State University.
Pamela, V. Y. 2022. Karakteristik Karakteristik Sifat Organoleptik Yoghurt Dengan Variasi Susu Skim Dan Lama Inkubasi: Sifat Organoleptik Yoghurt. Nutriology: Jurnal Pangan, Gizi, Kesehatan. 3(1): 18-24.
Purba, D. A. T. P., Mega, O., dan Musnandar, E. 2023. Karakteristik Kimia Yoghurt dengan Penambahan Sari Wortel (Daucus carota L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan. 26(1): 60-67.
Purwanti, A., Wigati, D., Setyaningrum, L., dan Anggitasari, W. 2022. Pengenalan produk fermentasi dan pelatihan pembuatan yoghurt di SMKS Shofa Marwah Jember. Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat. 2(2): 4167-4176.
Putri, I. R., Zultsatunni’mah., Putri, D. H., Fevria, R., dan Advinda, L. 2021. Pembuatan yoghurt menggunakan biokul sebagai starter. Journal In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi. 1(1): 335-344.
Rasbawati, R., Irmayani, I., Novieta, I. D., dan Nurmiati, N. 2019. Karakteristik organoleptik dan nilai ph yoghurt dengan penambahan sari buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L). Jurnal ilmu produksi dan teknologi hasil peternakan. 7(1): 41-46.
Rasdianah, N., Hiola, F., Akuba, J., dan Mangulu, A. 2024. Pembuatan Yoghurt Dari Air Buah kelapa (Cocos nucifera) Sebagai Minuman Kesehatan. Jurnal Farmasi Teknologi Sediaan dan Kosmetika. 1(2): 82-89.
Rosaini, H., Rasyid, R., dan Hagramida, V. 2017. Penetapan kadar protein secara kjeldahl beberapa makanan olahan kerang remis (corbiculla moltkiana prime.) dari Danau Singkarak. Jurnal Farmasi Higea. 7(2): 120-127.
Sirait, A. D., dan Nasution, R. S. 2024. Analisis kadar air dan kadar lemak pada daging buah durian (Durio zibhetinus murr). Jurnal Amina. 6(1): 28-33.
Soeparyo, M. K., Rawung, D., dan Assa, J. R. 2018. Pengaruh perbandingan tepung sagu (Metroxylon sp.) dan tepung kacang merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) terhadap sifat fisikokimia dan organoleptik food bar. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian (Agricultural Technology Journal). 9(2): 110-146.
Suhartatik, N., Widanti, Y. A., Wulandari, Y. W., dan Lestari, W. N. 2020. Yoghurt susu biji ketapang (Terminalia catappa L) dengan variasi jenis starter dan lama fermentasi. Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan. 11(2): 77-84.
Sine, Y., Widianto, D., Purwestri, Y. A., & Widodo, W. (2025). Development of a yogurt drink produced from pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.) that exhibits glucose-lowering effects in diabetic mice. Discover Food, 5(1), 267.
Smith, A., Liline, S., dan Sahetapy, S. 2023. Analisis kadar abu pada salak merah (Salacca edulis) di desa Riring dan desa Buria Kecamatan Taniwel Kabupaten Seram bagian Barat, Provinsi Maluku. Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan. 10(1): 51-57.
Syafitri, D., Sayuti, I., dan Mahadi, I. 2022. Efektifitas rasion nutrien bakteri bacillus cereus strain dalam mendegradasi pencemaran biosolar sebagai rancangan poster biologi. Jurnal Biogenesis. 18(1): 54-67.
Umaroh, A. 2018. Pengaruh penambahan susu skim dan madu terhadap sifat organoleptik yoghurt kacang merah. Jurnal Tata Boga. 7(2): 123-156
Published
2025-09-30
How to Cite
Munir, N. F., Harianti, I., Dwiyanti Mustaka, Z., Rahmaniar, Mariani, Matti, A., & Kadir, M. (2025). Physicochemical Properties and Optimization of Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajan) Yogurt: Influence of Starter Culture and Incubation Techniques. International Journal of Technology and Education Research, 3(03), 721-738. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijeter.v4i02.3255