I What Does It Take To Be An Attractive Islamic-Oriented Travel Package Towards Satisfying The Needs Of Muslim Travellers?
Keywords:
Islamic tourism marketing; Malaysia; Muslim traveler's needs, package tour.
Abstract
Travel agencies have modernized the way they communicate their package tours to travellers through digital technology. It is however imperative to also understand travellers’ needs in order to remain competitive in the market. In particular, it is crucial to clearly recognize the diversity in travel needs particularly the travel desires of Muslims travellers since they hold a different set of values and beliefs that guide their travel needs. Hence, this research attempts to understand the Islamic travel needs among the Muslim travellers and how such needs can impact the attractiveness of package tours in Malaysia. The travel needs of Muslim travellers i.e. travel motives, travel behavior and perceived travel barriers will be determined and tested against the attractiveness of packaged tours. This paper proposes a conceptual model so that further analyses can be conducted, and marketing strategies can be recommended to enhance the attractiveness of package tours developed by Travel agencies for the Muslim travellers. By gaining a better understanding, tour operators in Klang Valley, Malaysia will be able to enhance their marketing strategies, increase the demand for their package tours and attract more Muslim travellers to travel with them
References
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Baxter, S. A. (2013). Brief History of the Package Holiday. The Guardian Online. Retrieved 28 May 2015from http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/jun/14/brief- history-package-holidays.
Bernard, H. R. (2011). Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. United Kingdom: AltaMira Press.
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bonne, K., Vermeir, I., &Verbeke, W. (2009). Impact of Religion on Halal Meat Consumption Decision Making in Belgium. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 21(1), 5-26.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking Time Seriously, A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity. The American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181.
Chen, S. C. & Shoemaker S. (2014). Age and Cohort Effects: The American Senior Tourism Market. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 58-75.
Chhabra, D. (2012). What Do Student Travellers Really Want? Revisiting the Buyer’s Black Box. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(3), 344-355.
Chiappa, G. D. (2013). Internet versus travel agencies: The Perception of Different Groups of Italian Online Buyers. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(1), 55-66.
Cleaver, M., Muller, T. E., Ruys, H. F. M., & Wei, S. (1999). Tourism Product Development for the Senior Market, Based on Travel-Motive Research. Tourism Recreation Research, 24(1), 5-11.
Cornell University Library (2017). Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Muslim Populations, An Exhibition organized by The Division of Asia Collections at Kroch Library, November 2016-April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019 from https://guides.library.cornell.edu/Islam Asia Exhibit
Dolnicar, S. (2005). Understanding Barriers to Leisure Travel: Tourist Fears as a Marketing Basis. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 197-208.
Duff, B. R. L., & Segijn, C. M. (2019). Advertising in a Media Multitasking Era: Considerations and Future Directions, Journal of Advertising, 48(1), 27-37.
Engku Alwi, E. A. Z. & Saany, I. (2019). Using Smartphone Application to Notify Muslim Travellers the Jama’ Qasar Pray, Azan Times and Other Facilities. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-8, Issue-2S2.366-370.
Frias, D. M., Rodriguez, J. & Castaneda, A. (2008). Internet vs. Travel Agencies on Pre-visit Destination Image Formation: An Information Processing View.Tourism Management, 29, 163-179.
GFK Research (2015). A Third of Malaysian Travellers Go Online For Their Travel Booking From Start to Finish: GFK. [press release] 31 March 2015. Available at:http://www.gfk.com/sg/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/pages/a-third-of-malaysian-travellers-go-online-for-their--travel-booking-from-start-to- finish-gfk-.aspx
Gholipour, H. F. & Tajaddini, R. (2014). Cultural Dimensions and Outbound Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 203-205.
Gokovali, U., Bahar, O., and Kozak, M. (2007), ‘Determinants of length of stay: a practical use of survival analysis’, Tourism Management, Vol 28, No 3, pp 736–746
Gonzalez, A. M., Rodriguez, C., Miranda, M. R., & Cervantes, M. (2009). Cognitive age as a criterion explaining senior tourists’ motivations. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2), 148–164.
Goodall, B. (1990). How Tourists Choose Their Holidays: An Analytical Framework. In: Goodall, B. and Ashworth, G., ed. 1990. Marketing in the Tourism Industry: The promotion of destination regions. London: Routledge. pp. 1-17.
Govers, P., & Schoormans, G. (2005). Product personality and its influence on consumer preference. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(4), 189-197.
Guillet, B. D., Lee, A., Law, R. & Leung, R. (2011). Factors Affecting Outbound Tourists’ Destination Choice: The Case of Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28, 556-566.
Hambali, F. (2016). What Makes Muslim Travellers Satisfied an Empirical Study of Indonesian Muslim Travellers to West Europe on a Group Tour. In International Conference on Tourism, Gastronomy, and Tourist Destination (ICTGTD 2016). Atlantis Press.
Izberk-Bilgin, E. (2012). Infidel Brands: Unveiling Alternative Meanings of Global Brands at the Nexus of Globalization, Consumer Culture, and Islamism. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 663 -687.
Jiang, S., Scott, N. & Ding, P. (2014). Using Means-end Chain Theory to Explore Travel Motivation: An Examination of Chinese Outbound Tourist. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(1), 87-100.
Khabibulina, Z.R. (2016). From the Ural to Hejaz: Muslims' travel to Islamic holy places. 51. 105-112.
Kasim, A., Dzakiria, H., Park, C., Nor, N. A. M., Mokthar, M. F. & Radha, J. R. R. R. R. (2013). Predictors of Travel Motivations: The Case of Domestic Tourists to Island Destinations in Northwest of Malaysia. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24(2), 188-205.
Kettani, H. (2010). Muslim Population in Asia: 1950-2020. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 1(2),143-153.
Law, R., Leung, R., Lo, A., Leung, D., & Fong, L. H. N. (2015). Distribution channel in hospitality and tourism: Revisiting disintermediation from the perspectives of hotels and travel agencies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(3), 431-452.
Lee, S. H., & Tideswell, C. (2005). Understanding Attitudes towards Leisure Travel and the Constraints Faced by Senior Koreans. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 249-263.
Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation Seeking and Tourism: Tourist Role, Perception of Risk and Destination Choice. Tourism Management, 29, 740-750.
Lindridge, A. (2005). Religiosity and the construction of a cultural consumption identity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(3), 142-151.
Lindridge, A., & Dibb, S. (2003). Is `culture' a justifiable variable for market segmentation? A cross-cultural example. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 2(3), 269-286.
Lim, K. C., Ramli, K. I., Yusof, N. S. & Cheah, S. T. (2015). Examining Young Malaysians Travel Behaviour and Expenditure Patterns in Domestic Tourism. Asian Social Science, 11(9), 77-88.
Malaysian Islamic Tourism Centre. (2019). Islamic Tourism. Retrieved 25 August 2019 from https://itc.gov.my/industry/industry-introduction/.
Mancinni-Cross, C., Backman, K. F., & Dennis, E. (2009). The Effect of the Language Barrier on Intercultural Communication: A Case Study of Educational Travel in Italy. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 9(1-2), 104-123.
McAlexander, J. H., DuFault, B. L., Martin, D. M., & Schouten, J. W. (2014). The marketization of religion: Field, capital, and consumer identity. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(3), 858 -875.
Mehmetoglu, M. (2007). Nature-based Tourists: The Relationship Between their Trip Expenditures and Activities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 200-215.
Morrison, A. M., Hsieh, S., & O’Leary, J. T. (1994). A Comparison of the travel arrangements of international travellers from France, Germany and the UK. Tourism Management, 15(6), 451-463.
Nishimura, S., King, B. and Waryszak, R., (2007). The Use of Travel Guidebooks by Packaged and Non-packaged Japanese Travellers: A Comparative Study. Journal of Vacation Marketing, [e-journal] 13(4), pp. 291-310. Retreived 5 September 2014 from http://onesearch.lancs.ac.uk.
Obrador, P. (2012). The Place of the Family in Tourism Research: Domesticity and Thick Sociality by the Pool. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 401-420.
O'Guinn, T. C., & Belk, R. W. (1989). Heaven on Earth: Consumption at Heritage Village, USA. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 227-238.
Ortega, E., Rodriguez, B., & Philip, J. (2014). The Effects of Information at Tourism Destinations: A Model Proposal. The Marketing Review, 14(2), 111-129.
Pearce, P. L. (2013). The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour: International Series in Experimental Social Psychology. 3rd ed. [e-book] Oxford: Pegamond Press.
Pew Research Center (2011). The future of the global Muslim population: Region Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 23 May 2019 from https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/
Pew Research Center (2012). The Global Religious Landscape: New Population Estimates. Paper presented at Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life on December 2012.
Quiroga, I. (1990). Characteristics of Package Tours in Europe. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(2), 185-207.
Salamn, F., & Siddiqui, K. (2011). An exploratory study for measuring consumers’ awareness and perceptions towards halal food in Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(2), 639-651.
Schanzel, H. A. and Smith, K. A. (2014). The Socialization of Families Away from Home: Group Dynamics and Family Functioning on Holiday. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 36(2), 126-143.
Shoemaker, S. (2000). Segmenting the Mature Market: 10 Years Later. Journal of Travel Research, 39, 11-26.
Thomson-Reuters. (2018). Outpacing the Main Stream: State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2017/18. Retrieved 25 March 2018 from https://www.zawya.com/ifg-publications/report/20 180102062522832.pdf/?refKey=IFG-c8017912-c896-4774-94ae-6641d2f20cf5
Tretheway, M., & Mak, D. (2006). Emerging Tourism Markets: Ageing and Developing Economies. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(1), 21-27.
Voorveld, H. A. Van Noort, G., Muntinga D. G., & Bronner, F. (2018). Engagement with Social Media and Social Media Advertising: The Differentiating Role of Platform Type. Journal of Advertising, 47(1), 38-54.
Voorveld, H. A. (2019). Brand Communication in Social Media: A Research Agenda. Journal of Advertising, 48(1), 14-26.
Wang K. C., Ma, A. P., Hsu, M. T., Jao, P. C. and Lin, C. W., (2013). Seniors’ Perceptions of Service Features on Outbound Group Package Tours. Journal of Business Research, [e-journal] 66, pp. 1021-1027. Available through: Lancaster One Search Library [12 September 2014].
West, D., Koslow, S., & Kilgour, M. (2019). Future Directions for Advertising Creativity Research, Journal of Advertising, 48(1), 102-114.
William, W., Sandra, M., John, B., & May, L. (2007). Advertising- Principles and Effective IMC Practice. Singapore: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Yousefi, M. & Marzuki, A. (2012). Travel Motivations and the Influential Factors: The Case of Penang, Malaysia. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23(2), 169-176.
Ambali, A. R., & Bakar, A. N. (2014). People’s awareness on Halal foods and products: Potential issues for policymakers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121, 3-25.
Anderson, B., & Harrison, P. (2010). Taking place: Non-representational Theories and Geography. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Baharuddin, K., Ahmad Kassim, N., Nordin, S. K., & Buyong, S. Z. (2015). Understanding the Halal concept and the Importance of Information on Halal food business needed by potential Malaysian entrepreneurs. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(2), 170-180.
Battour, M. (2017). Muslim Travel Behavior in Halal Tourism. 10.5772/intechopen.70370.
Baxter, S. A. (2013). Brief History of the Package Holiday. The Guardian Online. Retrieved 28 May 2015from http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/jun/14/brief- history-package-holidays.
Bernard, H. R. (2011). Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. United Kingdom: AltaMira Press.
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bonne, K., Vermeir, I., &Verbeke, W. (2009). Impact of Religion on Halal Meat Consumption Decision Making in Belgium. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 21(1), 5-26.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking Time Seriously, A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity. The American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181.
Chen, S. C. & Shoemaker S. (2014). Age and Cohort Effects: The American Senior Tourism Market. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 58-75.
Chhabra, D. (2012). What Do Student Travellers Really Want? Revisiting the Buyer’s Black Box. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(3), 344-355.
Chiappa, G. D. (2013). Internet versus travel agencies: The Perception of Different Groups of Italian Online Buyers. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(1), 55-66.
Cleaver, M., Muller, T. E., Ruys, H. F. M., & Wei, S. (1999). Tourism Product Development for the Senior Market, Based on Travel-Motive Research. Tourism Recreation Research, 24(1), 5-11.
Cornell University Library (2017). Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Muslim Populations, An Exhibition organized by The Division of Asia Collections at Kroch Library, November 2016-April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019 from https://guides.library.cornell.edu/Islam Asia Exhibit
Dolnicar, S. (2005). Understanding Barriers to Leisure Travel: Tourist Fears as a Marketing Basis. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 197-208.
Duff, B. R. L., & Segijn, C. M. (2019). Advertising in a Media Multitasking Era: Considerations and Future Directions, Journal of Advertising, 48(1), 27-37.
Engku Alwi, E. A. Z. & Saany, I. (2019). Using Smartphone Application to Notify Muslim Travellers the Jama’ Qasar Pray, Azan Times and Other Facilities. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-8, Issue-2S2.366-370.
Frias, D. M., Rodriguez, J. & Castaneda, A. (2008). Internet vs. Travel Agencies on Pre-visit Destination Image Formation: An Information Processing View.Tourism Management, 29, 163-179.
GFK Research (2015). A Third of Malaysian Travellers Go Online For Their Travel Booking From Start to Finish: GFK. [press release] 31 March 2015. Available at:http://www.gfk.com/sg/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/pages/a-third-of-malaysian-travellers-go-online-for-their--travel-booking-from-start-to- finish-gfk-.aspx
Gholipour, H. F. & Tajaddini, R. (2014). Cultural Dimensions and Outbound Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 203-205.
Gokovali, U., Bahar, O., and Kozak, M. (2007), ‘Determinants of length of stay: a practical use of survival analysis’, Tourism Management, Vol 28, No 3, pp 736–746
Gonzalez, A. M., Rodriguez, C., Miranda, M. R., & Cervantes, M. (2009). Cognitive age as a criterion explaining senior tourists’ motivations. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2), 148–164.
Goodall, B. (1990). How Tourists Choose Their Holidays: An Analytical Framework. In: Goodall, B. and Ashworth, G., ed. 1990. Marketing in the Tourism Industry: The promotion of destination regions. London: Routledge. pp. 1-17.
Govers, P., & Schoormans, G. (2005). Product personality and its influence on consumer preference. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(4), 189-197.
Guillet, B. D., Lee, A., Law, R. & Leung, R. (2011). Factors Affecting Outbound Tourists’ Destination Choice: The Case of Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28, 556-566.
Hambali, F. (2016). What Makes Muslim Travellers Satisfied an Empirical Study of Indonesian Muslim Travellers to West Europe on a Group Tour. In International Conference on Tourism, Gastronomy, and Tourist Destination (ICTGTD 2016). Atlantis Press.
Izberk-Bilgin, E. (2012). Infidel Brands: Unveiling Alternative Meanings of Global Brands at the Nexus of Globalization, Consumer Culture, and Islamism. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 663 -687.
Jiang, S., Scott, N. & Ding, P. (2014). Using Means-end Chain Theory to Explore Travel Motivation: An Examination of Chinese Outbound Tourist. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(1), 87-100.
Khabibulina, Z.R. (2016). From the Ural to Hejaz: Muslims' travel to Islamic holy places. 51. 105-112.
Kasim, A., Dzakiria, H., Park, C., Nor, N. A. M., Mokthar, M. F. & Radha, J. R. R. R. R. (2013). Predictors of Travel Motivations: The Case of Domestic Tourists to Island Destinations in Northwest of Malaysia. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24(2), 188-205.
Kettani, H. (2010). Muslim Population in Asia: 1950-2020. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 1(2),143-153.
Law, R., Leung, R., Lo, A., Leung, D., & Fong, L. H. N. (2015). Distribution channel in hospitality and tourism: Revisiting disintermediation from the perspectives of hotels and travel agencies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(3), 431-452.
Lee, S. H., & Tideswell, C. (2005). Understanding Attitudes towards Leisure Travel and the Constraints Faced by Senior Koreans. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 249-263.
Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation Seeking and Tourism: Tourist Role, Perception of Risk and Destination Choice. Tourism Management, 29, 740-750.
Lindridge, A. (2005). Religiosity and the construction of a cultural consumption identity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(3), 142-151.
Lindridge, A., & Dibb, S. (2003). Is `culture' a justifiable variable for market segmentation? A cross-cultural example. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 2(3), 269-286.
Lim, K. C., Ramli, K. I., Yusof, N. S. & Cheah, S. T. (2015). Examining Young Malaysians Travel Behaviour and Expenditure Patterns in Domestic Tourism. Asian Social Science, 11(9), 77-88.
Malaysian Islamic Tourism Centre. (2019). Islamic Tourism. Retrieved 25 August 2019 from https://itc.gov.my/industry/industry-introduction/.
Mancinni-Cross, C., Backman, K. F., & Dennis, E. (2009). The Effect of the Language Barrier on Intercultural Communication: A Case Study of Educational Travel in Italy. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 9(1-2), 104-123.
McAlexander, J. H., DuFault, B. L., Martin, D. M., & Schouten, J. W. (2014). The marketization of religion: Field, capital, and consumer identity. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(3), 858 -875.
Mehmetoglu, M. (2007). Nature-based Tourists: The Relationship Between their Trip Expenditures and Activities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 200-215.
Morrison, A. M., Hsieh, S., & O’Leary, J. T. (1994). A Comparison of the travel arrangements of international travellers from France, Germany and the UK. Tourism Management, 15(6), 451-463.
Nishimura, S., King, B. and Waryszak, R., (2007). The Use of Travel Guidebooks by Packaged and Non-packaged Japanese Travellers: A Comparative Study. Journal of Vacation Marketing, [e-journal] 13(4), pp. 291-310. Retreived 5 September 2014 from http://onesearch.lancs.ac.uk.
Obrador, P. (2012). The Place of the Family in Tourism Research: Domesticity and Thick Sociality by the Pool. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 401-420.
O'Guinn, T. C., & Belk, R. W. (1989). Heaven on Earth: Consumption at Heritage Village, USA. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 227-238.
Ortega, E., Rodriguez, B., & Philip, J. (2014). The Effects of Information at Tourism Destinations: A Model Proposal. The Marketing Review, 14(2), 111-129.
Pearce, P. L. (2013). The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour: International Series in Experimental Social Psychology. 3rd ed. [e-book] Oxford: Pegamond Press.
Pew Research Center (2011). The future of the global Muslim population: Region Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 23 May 2019 from https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/
Pew Research Center (2012). The Global Religious Landscape: New Population Estimates. Paper presented at Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life on December 2012.
Quiroga, I. (1990). Characteristics of Package Tours in Europe. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(2), 185-207.
Salamn, F., & Siddiqui, K. (2011). An exploratory study for measuring consumers’ awareness and perceptions towards halal food in Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(2), 639-651.
Schanzel, H. A. and Smith, K. A. (2014). The Socialization of Families Away from Home: Group Dynamics and Family Functioning on Holiday. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 36(2), 126-143.
Shoemaker, S. (2000). Segmenting the Mature Market: 10 Years Later. Journal of Travel Research, 39, 11-26.
Thomson-Reuters. (2018). Outpacing the Main Stream: State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2017/18. Retrieved 25 March 2018 from https://www.zawya.com/ifg-publications/report/20 180102062522832.pdf/?refKey=IFG-c8017912-c896-4774-94ae-6641d2f20cf5
Tretheway, M., & Mak, D. (2006). Emerging Tourism Markets: Ageing and Developing Economies. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(1), 21-27.
Voorveld, H. A. Van Noort, G., Muntinga D. G., & Bronner, F. (2018). Engagement with Social Media and Social Media Advertising: The Differentiating Role of Platform Type. Journal of Advertising, 47(1), 38-54.
Voorveld, H. A. (2019). Brand Communication in Social Media: A Research Agenda. Journal of Advertising, 48(1), 14-26.
Wang K. C., Ma, A. P., Hsu, M. T., Jao, P. C. and Lin, C. W., (2013). Seniors’ Perceptions of Service Features on Outbound Group Package Tours. Journal of Business Research, [e-journal] 66, pp. 1021-1027. Available through: Lancaster One Search Library
West, D., Koslow, S., & Kilgour, M. (2019). Future Directions for Advertising Creativity Research, Journal of Advertising, 48(1), 102-114.
William, W., Sandra, M., John, B., & May, L. (2007). Advertising- Principles and Effective IMC Practice. Singapore: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Yousefi, M. & Marzuki, A. (2012). Travel Motivations and the Influential Factors: The Case of Penang, Malaysia. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23(2), 169-176.
Published
2025-03-23
How to Cite
ahmad, A. H., & Izian Idris. (2025). I What Does It Take To Be An Attractive Islamic-Oriented Travel Package Towards Satisfying The Needs Of Muslim Travellers? . Interdisciplinary Journal of Economic and Social Behavior (IJESB), 2(01), 61-75. Retrieved from https://www.e-journal.citakonsultindo.or.id/index.php/IJESB/article/view/1688
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