Implication of Excessive Working Hours On The Risk of Worker Morbidity: Microeconomic Analysis Approach
Keywords:
Working Hours, Morbidity, Instrumental Variable, SUSENAS, Bengkulu
Abstract
In the increasingly competitive modern era, excessive working hours have become commonplace in various industrial sectors. However, the increase in working hours often has a negative impact on workers' health. This study aims to examine the effect of excessive working hours on workers' morbidity in Bengkulu. Using data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), this study uses the Instrumental Variable (IV) Probit analysis method to address the potential for endogeneity in the relationship between variables. The results show that excessive working hours have a positive and significant effect on the chance of increasing workers' morbidity by 9.7 percent. In addition, domicile factors, types of business fields and expenditures also contribute to the chance of morbidity status. This study emphasizes that excessive working hours have serious implications for workers' physical and mental health, so it is important to implement policies that support work-life balance and health promotion programs in the workplace.
References
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Corburn, J. and Hildebrand, C. (2015). Slum sanitation and the social determinants of women’s health in nairobi, kenya. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2015, 1-6.
Gadzali, S. S. (2023). Application of Work-Life Balance in Banking: A Study Of Its Impact on Employee Well-Being. Return : Study of Management, Economic and Bussines, 2(8), 814–820. https://doi.org/10.57096/return.v2i8.138
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McHugh, M., French, D. D., Kwasny, M. M., Maechling, C. R., & Holl, J. L. (2020). The impact of shift work and long work hours on employers health care costs. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(12), 1006–1010. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001994
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Odle-Dusseau, HN, Britt, TW, & Bobko, P. (2012). Work–Family Balance, Well-Being, and Organizational Outcomes: Investigating Actual Versus Desired Work/Family Time Discrepancies.
Otsuka, H., Fukao, A., Funakami, Y., Duncan, K. E., & Fujiwara, T. (n.d.). Emerging evidence of translational control by AU-rich element-binding proteins. Frontiers in Genetics, 10, 332.
Park, J., Lee, J. H., Kang, M. Y., Jang, T. W., Kim, H. R., Kim, S. Y., & Lee, J. (2023). Development of algorithm for work intensity evaluation using excess overwork index of construction workers with real-Time heart rate measurement device. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 35(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e24
Pratiwi, D. P., & Silvianita, A. (2020). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Work-Life Balance Pada Pegawai Pt. Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Bandung. PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi, 10(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.24929/feb.v10i2.1217
Prof Mika Kivimäki , PhD a, b m.kivimaki@ucl.ac.uk ∙ Prof Marianna Virtanen , PhD c ∙ Prof Ichiro Kawachi , MDd ∙ c ∙ Prof Lars Alfredsson , PhD e, f ∙ G David Batty , PhD a, g, h ∙ Prof Jakob B Bjorner , MD i ∙ Marianne Borritz , MDj ∙ Prof Eric J Brunne, P. (2015). Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals.
Rigas, N., Kyritsis, Z., Gouroundi, K., Soldatou, A., Dagla, M., Orovou, E., & Antoniou, E. (2024). The Mediating Role of Anxiety in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Psychosocial Functions of Nurses and Pediatricians in PICUs. Materia Socio-Medica, 36(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2024.36.26-32
Sari, D., et al. (2021). The relationship between job stress and employee performance in manufacturing industry in indonesia. Jares (Journal of Academic Research and Sciences), Vol. 6(2), Pp. 26-38.
Setyopranoto, I., Bayuangga, H. F., Panggabean, A. S., Alifaningdyah, S., Lazuardi, L., Dewi, F. S. T., & Malueka, R. G. (2019). Prevalence of stroke and associated risk factors in sleman district of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2642458
T. S. Brisimi, T. Xu, T. Wang, W. Dai, W. G. A. and I. C. P. (2018). Predicting Chronic Disease Hospitalizations from Electronic Health Records: An Interpretable Classification Approach.
Virtanen, M., Jokela, M., Madsen, I. E. H., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Lallukka, T., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G. D., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Burr, H., Dragano, N., Erbel, R., Ferrie, J. E., Heikkilä, K., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Lahelma, E., Nielsen, M. L., … Kivimäki, M. (2018). Long working hours and depressive symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 44(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3712
Wong, K., Chan, A. H., & Ngan, S. C. (2019). Wong, K., Chan, A. H., & Ngan, S. C. (2019). The effect of long working hours and overtime on occupational health: a meta-analysis of evidence from 1998 to 2018.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). . Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Yulyanah, Y. (2023). Yulyanah, Y. (2023). Faktor Determinan Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2015-2019.
bps. (2024). Booklet Sakernas Februari 2024 Vol.
Brough, P., Timms, C., O’Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2014). Work–life balance: A longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724–2744. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262
Che, H., Wu, H., Qiao, Y., Luan, B., Zhao, Q., & Wang, H. (2023). Association between long working hours and mental health among nurses in China under COVID-19 pandemic: based on a large cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04722-y
Comfort F. Ricketts, Randall C. Campbell rcampbell business.msstate.edu, and J. P. R. all authors and affiliations, & Volume 64, I. 2. (2019). The Effects of Work Hours on Physical and Mental Health of Late Prime Age Men and Women.
Corburn, J. and Hildebrand, C. (2015). Slum sanitation and the social determinants of women’s health in nairobi, kenya. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2015, 1-6.
Gadzali, S. S. (2023). Application of Work-Life Balance in Banking: A Study Of Its Impact on Employee Well-Being. Return : Study of Management, Economic and Bussines, 2(8), 814–820. https://doi.org/10.57096/return.v2i8.138
Gilbert‐Ouimet, M., et al. (2018). Adverse effect of long work hours on incident diabetes in 7065 ontario workers followed for 12 years. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 6(1), E000496.
Grit Müller, Anita Tisch tisch.anita@baua.bund.de, and A. M. W. all authors and affiliations, & Volume 32, I. 3-4. (2018). The impact of long working hours on the health of German employees.
Gu, B., Tan, Q., & Zhao, S. (2019). The association between occupational stress and psychosomatic wellbeing among Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional survey. Medicine (United States), 98(22), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000015836
Jaya, E. S., & Wulandari, S. (2018). Psychotic Experiences, Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety Symptoms and Common Mental Health Risk Factors of Urban and Non-Urban Dwellers in Indonesia. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.7454/proust.v1i1.21
Keller1, A., JonathanGroot1, Matta2, J., Bu4, F., , Tarik ElAarbaoui3, 4, Melchior3, M., Fancourt5, D., , Marie Zins2, 6, M. 2, NyboAndersen1, A., Rod1, N. H., & TiborV.Varga, K. S. &. (2022). Housing environment and mental health of Europeans during the COVID 19 pandemic: a cross country comparison.
Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Kawachi, I., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G. D., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Brunner, E. J., Burr, H., Dragano, N., Ferrie, J. E., Fransson, E. I., Hamer, M., Heikkilä, K., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Madsen, I. E. H., Nielsen, M. L., … Jokela, M. (2015). Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222120 individuals. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70178-0
Lunau, T., Bambra, C., & Eikemo, T. A. (2014). A balancing act? Work–life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states.
Magee, C. A., Caputi, P., & Iverson, D. C. (2011). Short sleep mediates the association between long work hours and increased body mass index. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-010-9287-3
McHugh, M., French, D. D., Kwasny, M. M., Maechling, C. R., & Holl, J. L. (2020). The impact of shift work and long work hours on employers health care costs. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(12), 1006–1010. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001994
N’gattia, K. A., Kouassi, D. P., Coulibaly, D., Chérif, D., & Tiembré, I. (2020). Perception Of Inhabitants In Urban Slums Of Bouake (Cote D’ivoire) About The Health Risks Of Unsanitary Environments.
Nopiah, R., & Pangaribowo, E. H. (2023). Determinants of Labor Participation and Wages toward People with Disabilities in Indonesia. IJDS Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies, 10(2), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2023.10.02.12
Odle-Dusseau, HN, Britt, TW, & Bobko, P. (2012). Work–Family Balance, Well-Being, and Organizational Outcomes: Investigating Actual Versus Desired Work/Family Time Discrepancies.
Otsuka, H., Fukao, A., Funakami, Y., Duncan, K. E., & Fujiwara, T. (n.d.). Emerging evidence of translational control by AU-rich element-binding proteins. Frontiers in Genetics, 10, 332.
Park, J., Lee, J. H., Kang, M. Y., Jang, T. W., Kim, H. R., Kim, S. Y., & Lee, J. (2023). Development of algorithm for work intensity evaluation using excess overwork index of construction workers with real-Time heart rate measurement device. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 35(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e24
Pratiwi, D. P., & Silvianita, A. (2020). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Work-Life Balance Pada Pegawai Pt. Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Bandung. PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi, 10(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.24929/feb.v10i2.1217
Prof Mika Kivimäki , PhD a, b m.kivimaki@ucl.ac.uk ∙ Prof Marianna Virtanen , PhD c ∙ Prof Ichiro Kawachi , MDd ∙ c ∙ Prof Lars Alfredsson , PhD e, f ∙ G David Batty , PhD a, g, h ∙ Prof Jakob B Bjorner , MD i ∙ Marianne Borritz , MDj ∙ Prof Eric J Brunne, P. (2015). Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals.
Rigas, N., Kyritsis, Z., Gouroundi, K., Soldatou, A., Dagla, M., Orovou, E., & Antoniou, E. (2024). The Mediating Role of Anxiety in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Psychosocial Functions of Nurses and Pediatricians in PICUs. Materia Socio-Medica, 36(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2024.36.26-32
Sari, D., et al. (2021). The relationship between job stress and employee performance in manufacturing industry in indonesia. Jares (Journal of Academic Research and Sciences), Vol. 6(2), Pp. 26-38.
Setyopranoto, I., Bayuangga, H. F., Panggabean, A. S., Alifaningdyah, S., Lazuardi, L., Dewi, F. S. T., & Malueka, R. G. (2019). Prevalence of stroke and associated risk factors in sleman district of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Stroke Research and Treatment, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2642458
T. S. Brisimi, T. Xu, T. Wang, W. Dai, W. G. A. and I. C. P. (2018). Predicting Chronic Disease Hospitalizations from Electronic Health Records: An Interpretable Classification Approach.
Virtanen, M., Jokela, M., Madsen, I. E. H., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Lallukka, T., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G. D., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Burr, H., Dragano, N., Erbel, R., Ferrie, J. E., Heikkilä, K., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Lahelma, E., Nielsen, M. L., … Kivimäki, M. (2018). Long working hours and depressive symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 44(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3712
Wong, K., Chan, A. H., & Ngan, S. C. (2019). Wong, K., Chan, A. H., & Ngan, S. C. (2019). The effect of long working hours and overtime on occupational health: a meta-analysis of evidence from 1998 to 2018.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). . Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Yulyanah, Y. (2023). Yulyanah, Y. (2023). Faktor Determinan Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2015-2019.
Published
2025-10-02
How to Cite
Nopiah, R. (2025). Implication of Excessive Working Hours On The Risk of Worker Morbidity: Microeconomic Analysis Approach. International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 4(06), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.63922/ijebir.v4i06.2313
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